Articles
PhotoCraft: the legal questions an AI-assisted rewrite leaves open
PhotoCraft’s AI-assisted Photoshop alternative raises questions about Adobe’s licence terms, EU research rights, patents and the lawful use of open-source code
12 min read →OpenMDW 1.1: A practical guide for companies adopting AI models
What the licence permits, what remains outside its scope, and what companies should check before adopting an OpenMDW model.
Memorised copyleft code in open-weight models and the obligations European Union law leaves undefined
The exposure open-weight adopters carry, and why ordinary open-source compliance was never designed to find it.
Is the model the infringement? Memorisation, reproduction and the weights of AI models under European Union law
Two Munich judgments have held that a trained model can be a reproduction of the works it memorised. This article defends that conclusion for European Union law, and argues the correct test is causal: a model contains a reproduction where the work in the output is best explained by encoding during training rather than by the prompt or the conventions of the genre.
Chardet: clean rooms, copyleft and the AI rewrite problem
What an AI-assisted rewrite of a small Python library reveals about the cost structure that copyleft has always depended on
Is my subsidiary in scope of NIS2?
Why the answer is decided at group level
Beyond the source code: the hidden licensing crisis in open AI
Open-weight AI models carry licence obligations at every stage of their distribution chain. Cloud-based inference providers eliminate the visibility that makes those obligations enforceable.
Beyond the source code: your infrastructure vendor changed its licence, and your legal team probably does not know
MongoDB, Redis, Elastic, and HashiCorp all changed their licences without warning. Some have since reversed. The commercial risks for companies that built on these products have not.
Beyond the source code: one GPL violation, five compounding legal exposures
A single unnoticed GPL violation does not stop at copyright infringement. It opens five compounding legal exposures, each with its own enforcement route, its own plaintiff, and its own remedy.
Supply chain email fraud: how NIS2, DORA and the GDPR reshape civil liability
NIS2, DORA, and the GDPR have done more than create regulatory fines. They have given courts statutory benchmarks against which a supplier's cybersecurity conduct can now be measured in civil proceedings.
Supply chain email fraud: which party pays when the supplier gets hacked?
When a buyer pays the wrong account because its supplier's email was compromised, the legal question is deceptively simple. The answer varies by jurisdiction, contract, and the conduct of both parties.
When the Cloud goes down: who really bears the risk?
After the November 2025 Cloudflare outage, I went back to the enterprise SLA. Service credits are usually the best outcome a customer can hope for. The economic risk is almost always theirs.
When does software become “AI”? The EU definition that catches businesses off guard
Most companies think they are not using AI. The EU AI Act may disagree. The legal definition captures systems that businesses use every day and excludes others that are marketed as AI.
McLaren v Palou: the legal limits of a promise in Formula 1
McLaren v Palou asks when a pre-contractual assurance becomes an enforceable term. The English court's reasoning on the parol evidence rule and misrepresentation applies well beyond Formula 1.
Truth can change, history can’t: the legal story behind a 17-Year-old F1 scandal
Massa v Formula One Management turns on one question: can a limitation clock run when key facts were deliberately concealed? The High Court has confirmed the claim will go to trial.
The EU AI Act’s operator model: what every company needs to know before deploying AI
Under the EU AI Act, the line between "user" and "provider" depends on what you do with a system, not who built it. Companies that integrate, adapt, or fine-tune AI may acquire provider obligations without realising it.
Can copyright survive AI? The legal storm that’s changing everything
Generative AI has outpaced copyright doctrine. Courts in the US, China, UK, and EU are now deciding whether training on protected works is infringement, and whether AI output can be owned at all.
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